CCSS Grants

Multigenerational Neighborhood Effects

Inequality in life chances is often rooted in the opportunity structure of previous generations. This project examines whether two successive generations of childhood exposure to neighborhood disadvantage is associated with respondents’ future adult well-being outcomes and the childhood health outcomes of their children. In addition, this project examines two potential sources of variation for neighborhood effects: (1) the timing of exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods in childhood and (2) race and ethnicity. Studying the timing of exposure has the potential to uncover particular stages of childhood development when neighborhood-level policies and interventions may be most effective. Studying variation in neighborhood effects by race and ethnicity can also direct policy and intervention resources to particularly vulnerable population sub-groups.

 

What is the Advantage of Medicare Advantage? Supply and Demand Factors in Medicare Beneficiaries’ Enrollment in Private Insurance

Historically, the U.S. government’s Medicare program directly paid health-care providers for delivering medical services to elderly and disabled beneficiaries. But over the past decade, more and more Medicare beneficiaries have chosen to instead enroll in private health insurance via the Medicare Advantage program. As of 2018, 32% of the U.S. government’s $731 billion in Medicare spending is routed to Medicare Advantage insurers. Colleen Carey (Cornell, Department of Policy Analysis and Management) and Marika Cabral (University of Texas) combine a state-of-the-art statistical technique with large geographic variation in the Medicare Advantage enrollment rate to determine what market features predict high Medicare Advantage enrollment. Since Medicare Advantage plans differ from traditional Medicare in limiting beneficiaries to a network of physicians, the authors develop a novel measure of Medicare Advantage network breadth to determine how plan networks affect enrollment. The research will help improve the design and regulation of the Medicare Advantage program.

 

Returns to Mechanization through Rental Equipment Markets

In this project, we study misallocation in equipment rental markets and its impact on agricultural productivity. Mechanization is one of the main inputs in modern agriculture, and the lack of it, an important contributor to the low productivity observed in poor countries. Mechanization is particularly difficult for smallholder farmers, because mechanized practices require scale and equipment purchases that are large, relative to a farmer’s wealth. The development of rental markets for equipment is a key mechanism to grant access to mechanization to smallholder farmers. Yet, not much is known about their workings and their impact for farmers’ livelihoods and agricultural productivity. This project fills the gap by gathering the first systematic detailed transaction information, leveraging a government intervention in India. With this information we aim to answer: What is the extent of misallocation in equipment usage across farms? What type of market arrangements can improve upon the current ones? In developing countries, most rental contracts are relational, lack enforcement mechanisms, and tend to disadvantage smallholder farmers with long delays in service provision. The government of Karnataka has set up a first-come-first-serve (FCFS) rental provider to improve accessibility to this market. We combine administrative data from that intervention with our own survey data from 7000 farming households. We show that delays in service provision are costly, particularly so for smallholder providers. We structurally simulate a market arrangement where equipment owners rent their own equipment and compare outcomes with the FCFS allocation calibrated to fit the data. The solution to the optimal service queueing problem and the computation of productivity losses require evaluation of our structural model in 45 hubs over 90k transactions.

 

Community Needs Assessment on Facilitators and Inhibitors of Food Security in Toa Alta, Puerto Rico

Fifteen million U.S. children live in “food-insecure” households, which means children within these households have limited access to nutritious foods due to cost, proximity and/or other types of resources. Families in predominantly minority and low-income neighborhoods are at increased risk for food insecurity. In Puerto Rico (P.R.), a Latin American country within a U.S. territory and of predominantly Latino residents, food insecurity affected 1.5 million people in 2017. That same year, childhood food insecurity rates in P.R. were nearly triple the average for the rest of the U.S. (56%). In the aftermath of hurricane Irma and Maria in the second half of that same year, Puerto Rican families are still facing contextual challenges across many levels (i.e., cultural, environmental, social, political) that exacerbates the food insecurity issues among many residents in the island. Since tackling food insecurity requires an examination of the contextual factors that ultimately shape such an issue, community-centered approaches to build capacity offer a promising model to address both social determinants of health inequalities and familial health outcomes in at-risk community settings. The purpose of this study is to conduct a community needs assessment to identify facilitators and inhibitors to building capacity towards sustainable food security efforts in an underserved community setting in Toa Alta, Puerto Rico. This study is part of a larger community-based participatory research (CBPR) project, which will employ a community engaged collaborative process to develop a culturally-sensitive, family-centered intervention for Puerto Rican parents and their children (aged 0–8) to improve food accessibility, affordability, availability, and intake.

 

Sub-Saharan African Migration Project (S-SMAP) (African Futures Project)

This is a multi-sited interview project focused on Ghanaian and Kenyan youth enrolled in secondary and tertiary educational programs. The project seeks to determine what, if any, benefits are accrued by migrants through long-term migration by generating the most suitable comparison group for migrants: similarly situated peers who have not migrated. Baseline interviews with respondents with similar social and economic backgrounds will be conducted before long-term international migration has occurred. From this baseline sample, there will be two rounds of follow-up interviews (five and ten years removed from the baseline interviews). By the second and third interview waves, it is anticipated that a sizeable portion of respondents will have migrated. These six data points will help clarify what (if any) characteristics separate those who eventually migrate from those who remain and whether migrant social and economic outcomes after migration differ drastically from peers with similar backgrounds who remain in the sending society. This project uses mixed methods for this undertaking, which includes a screening survey, in-depth semi-structured interviews, and an assessment of institutional information and support for those who desire to migrate.

 

The Take-Off of the Korean Wave: Antecedents and Consequences of the Globalization of Korean Pop Culture

This study proposes an in-depth examination of the globalization of Korea pop culture (the “Korean wave”) to better understand the antecedents of successful cultural products and their subsequent consequences to the domestic market. Korean cultural products including pop music (K-pop) and TV dramas (K-drama) have diffused to numerous foreign markets since the late 1990s. The Korean wave is exemplary in that Korea was not considered to be a cultural powerhouse but Korean cultural products gained popularity beyond Asian markets but also in culturally dissimilar markets and mainstream markets such as the U.S. In the context of the Korean wave, this study specifically investigates 1) how institutions including government-driven policies can positively impact the development of domestic cultural industries, 2) what types of cultural products can succeed in different foreign markets, and 3), how the success of cultural products can have a broader impact on domestic industries and the economy. By investigating the success story of the Korean cultural wave, this study contributes to theories of cultural diffusion and globalization of cultural products as well as highlighting implications to policy-makers and managers in cultural industries.

 

Reimagining Recess: Examining the Impacts of Schoolyard “Loose Parts Recess” Programs on the Outdoor Play Behaviors of School-Age Children

This pilot study aims to examine the impacts of a loose parts recess program intervention at public elementary schools on the outdoor play, learning, and social activities of school-age children. The pilot study would utilize an observational approach known as behavior mapping to analyze children’s outdoor play activities at two schools, one in Toronto, Canada and one in Ithaca, New York, both before and after the implementation of a loose parts recess program. Loose parts programs install a diverse range of manipulable and non-prescriptive materials (e.g., tires, cardboard boxes and tubes, sand, building materials, pine cones, crates, etc.) in the school yard to increase the quality and diversity of self-directed outdoor play opportunities during recess. This pre–post behavior mapping study will isolate and examine the impact of loose parts provision on children’s play behaviors outdoors at school, particularly those that foster child development, learning and well-being, as well as discern spatial patterns in children’s social and environmental interactions with and without the availability of loose parts.

 

The Capacity to be Aggressive: Structured Management and Tax Behavior of Firms

This project aims to consider the effect of firms’ organizational capacity—proxied by structured management practices—on tax planning behavior of multinational firms (MNEs). Management practices improve productivity and hence should increase taxable corporate income of firms. However, better managed firms may also be better at tax avoidance. We explore the relationship between reported profits and structured management practices in MNEs headquartered in high-tax home countries operating in a low-tax host countries. We consider whether the patterns of reported profits across jurisdictions are consistent with more “organizationally capable” firms shifting profits out of high-tax country affiliates into low-tax country affiliates. This project aims to add a novel explanation for why some firms are more likely to engage in aggressive tax planning, with implications to the cost-benefit analysis of government-funded management upgrading projects.

 

The Effects of Avatar Appearance and Customization on Embodied Applications

A number of clinical and educational applications hinge on creating a sense of embodiment and social presence in an avatar, or digital representation, of a patient or user. Research suggests that a more realistic appearance can enhance this sense of embodiment. However, increasing the level of realistic detail also means that the avatar will inevitably diverge from the actual appearance of any individual user. In social science experimentation, avatars are frequently customized only to the extent that they align to broad social categories, such as gender and race/ethnicity, but this imperfect customization may damage the illusion of embodiment for some participants. This proposal tests two current approaches to customizing avatars: first, what choices users would prefer to see in avatar customization, and second, what the effects of having well- or ill-matched avatars have on a number of measures relevant to social science. This research may highlight ways in which future development can improve avatar resemblance in a diverse population. It can also provide guidelines for researchers currently working in this area.

The Yiddish Immigrant Left from Popular Front to Cold War

The Jewish Studies Program, together with colleagues from Syracuse University, will be holding a 1.5 day interdisciplinary conference on the Jewish Left from May 17-18th, 2020 at the A.D. White House.The conference is attracting faculty from across the United States and beyond, bringing together historians, literary theorists, geographers, anthropologists, and political scientists to discuss how a radicalized Soviet-oriented immigrant Left organized in response to the pressures of rapid migration and difficult labor and housing conditions. The conference offers participants the opportunity to explore newly digitized archives of the Jewish section of a multi-ethnic immigrant fraternal order shut down during the McCarthy period. New York State donated the confiscated organizational files of the International Workers Order (IWO) and its Jewish section to the ILR School’s Kheel Center.Additional sponsors include the Central New York Humanities Corridor as lead sponsor, Cornell’s Martin P. Catherwood Library, and the Society for the Humanities.

 

Political Science and the New Politics of Authoritarianism

This proposal seeks funding in partial support of two research workshops on political science and the new politics of authoritarianism. Bringing together a small group of established and emerging experts in authoritarian politics in countries around the world, the workshop will tackle central issues in the study of authoritarianism. Our intended goal is to produce a major collective statement on the state of the field in research in authoritarianism that outlines new directions for research and identifies challenges methodological, practical, and ethical in studying authoritarianism today.

Mortgage and Corporate Debt in the U.S. Great Depression

This grant would facilitate the gathering of new micro-level data on U.S. cities and individual firms in the late-1920s to assess the extent to which corporate and mortgage debt issuance helped precipitate the banking crises of the Great Depression. The project will transcribe data from new sources on corporate debt, corporate financials, employment, and industrial production for a random sample of about ~500 firms from 1925-1931, in addition to mortgage and construction data covering 94 U.S. cities. Among industrial firms that took on potentially excessive levels of debt in the late-1920s, the project will investigate whether these firms see decreased industrial production, capital expenditure, employment growth, and corporate bankruptcy in the early 1930s as a result of their high debt issuance. Using the new data set on mortgage lending and new construction in 94 U.S. cities, we plan to exploit geographical variation to understand the connection between build-ups in mortgage lending and subsequent local economic conditions.

 

A Role-Model Intervention to Motivate Young Girls in Science

Women's pervasive underrepresentation in science is rooted in childhood. As early as the elementary school years, girls acquire gender stereotypes about scientists and show decreased science engagement. The question of how to engage girls in science is of urgent practical importance, yet little research exists on ways to promote girls' participation in science before adolescence. The proposed project responds to this call by devising and testing a novel intervention with 5- to 7-year-old children. We hypothesize that assuming a female scientists identity (beyond merely being exposed to the scientist) will increase girls' self-scientist association (Studies 1 and 2), which, in turn, will foster their motivation (Study 1) and persistence (Study 2) in science. As one of the first studies devising interventions for young children, this research sheds light on the developmental causes of the gender disparity in STEM and beyond, and contributes to continuous efforts aimed at reducing gender inequality from their roots.

 

Using VR to Explore Young Children’s Transfer of Learning

The proposed studies test the feasibility of using Virtual Reality (VR) to advance learning in young children. The first experimental study examines two- and three-year-old children's interpretation of experiences in the nascent medium of virtual reality whereas the second experimental study tests two- and three-year-old children's ability to generalize learning from a VR environment to the real-world and compares this ability to learning from another digital experience (i.e., video). These studies are innovative in leveraging the immersive, realistic experiences of VR to test young children's ability to generalize learning in VR to naturalistic (i.e., real-world) settings and comparing this to learning from video, a common digital experience. The results will provide essential pilot data for a federal proposal on the transfer of learning in very young children, highlight VR's potential as a powerful research tool, and examine children's ability to generalize learning across increasingly relevant digital contexts.

 

The Developmental Origins of Sensitive Parenting

What are the origins of individual differences in parenting ability? Why are some parents effective in scaffolding the social and cognitive development of their children, while others are not?  Research from several vocal learning species indicates that early social experience influences later communicative competence, but such findings have not been incorporated into studies of parenting. The zebra finch, a socially gregarious songbird, has several close parallels with humans and is an ideal model system for studying transgenerational social influences on the development of communication.  In a multigenerational study, the early social experience of young females will be manipulated to assess the role of social stimulation in the development of maternal motivation and sensitivity to offspring vocal cues. These females will then rear a new generation of offspring. Maternal behavior and offspring song learning will be assessed. Results will provide mechanistic insight into the developmental origins of sensitive parenting. The avian model will inform our studies of human parenting, with emphasis on translating the findings to our intervention program for at-risk families.

 

Neural Instantiation of Physical and Social Nutrients

Public health is threatened by a rise in two ostensibly preventable phenomena: environment-induced metabolic disorders and social isolation. Metabolic and social functioning are connected via a surprising microscale biomarker: blood glucose. Using fMRI, the present study investigates the social regulation of blood glucose and neural response to carbohydrate consumption within an ecological framework. Methods: Twenty-five adult dyads in healthy relationships will be recruited. One partner will have their fasted blood glucose assayed and then complete a visuo-spatial N-back task under four conditions. For each condition, participants will receive either a placebo solution or an 18% concentration of maltodextrin, a tasteless carbohydrate. They will also either be alone or holding the hand of their partner. Hypothesis: Social support and maltodextrin will coincide with decreased activation in putative regulatory (ACC, dlPFC) and social-cognitive (pre-central gyrus, precuneus) regions, but increased activation in homeostatic-related regions (hypothalamus). Higher resting-state blood glucose with diminish the effects of social support. 

 

Rene Kizilcec, Information Science, CIS

Content & Impact of Diversity Statements in Course Syllabi

First impressions and early signals of inclusion can be influential in shaping expectations about the experience in college courses. They can influence students' decision to enroll in courses and their interpretations and responses to difficulty therein. To communicate their commitment to inclusion and promoting diversity, especially to members of historically underrepresented groups, some instructors have added a diversity statement to their syllabus. This project examines the prevalence of this practice, the content of diversity statements, and the effects of different kinds of statements on students. We analyze data from the Open Syllabus Project (6 million course syllabi) and test the impact of statements in randomized controlled trials to inform educational policy making.

 

Taking a Computational Approach to Implicit Social Cognition

Although explicit (self-reported) attitudes toward marginalized social groups have become considerably more egalitarian in the United States over the past decades, inequality persists in consequential domains, including education, healthcare, and housing. A large body of social cognition research suggests that implicit (subtle, automatic, and often unintentional) anti-Black, anti-immigrant, and anti-LGBTQ attitudes significantly contribute to the maintenance of such inequality. In spite of significant past efforts, durable shifts in implicit social attitudes from negative to neutral have remained elusive. Here we propose that taking a computational approach relying on reinforcement learning will contribute to a deeper theoretical understanding of the information processing mechanisms underlying implicit social cognition and thereby help guide interventions aimed at producing enduring change in implicit social attitudes.

 

A Platform-wide Analysis of Firm Responses to Platform-owner

In recent years, policymakers and antitrust authorities have become increasingly concerned about platform-owner conduct in cases where the platform owner has chosen to compete in its own marketplace, in particular, because of the potential for anticompetitive, self-preferencing behavior. This project aims to conduct a comprehensive, platform-wide analysis of the competitive and welfare impacts of platform-owner entry in the context of Apple's App Store mobile platform. Using data on the full population of apps on the App Store over a five year period, this project will investigate how Apple's entry into particular submarkets affected third-party firm's product quality, innovation, pricing, and entry and exit decisions. The results of this project will inform ongoing public policy debates regarding the role of platform markets in the economy.

 

The Geopolitics of Ottoman Imperialism in the Horn of Africa

Relying on a newly released set of archival records on the Ottoman political, social, and diplomatic involvement in Africa, this book project analyzes Ottoman imperialism in the Horn of Africa and the Red Sea Basin between 1885 and 1915 by highlighting a North-South axis of power stretching from Istanbul to Addis Ababa, in the process provide a new avenue for the comparative study of late-19th-century imperialism. Supplemented by a multi-sited research in Istanbul, London, Durham, Cambridge, Damascus, Khartoum, and Addis Ababa, as well as oral and material field research in Djibouti and Somaliland, this book will provide a rich trans-regional history of shared political interests and competing imperial goals by focusing on the often-neglected northern Somali coast--from the tip of the Horn of Africa to Bab al-Mandab--and the African Red Sea coast--from Djibouti to the Suez--at the turn of the 20th century.

Jeff Niederdeppe, Communication, CALS
Jiawei Liu, Communication, CALS

Effects of Prevalence Information in Framing Health Problems

The prevalence rates of obesity and diabetes continue to rise in the United States and as a result, are frequently depicted in mass media and health campaigns. It is often assumed that highlighting (high) prevalence statistics can raise public awareness of public health problems, motivate behavioral changes and increase support for public policies to address such problems. Preliminary research casts doubt on this assumption, however, revealing that people tend to overestimate prevalence rates of public health problems in the absence of any statistics. We hypothesize that depictions of prevalence statistics may indeed be consequential, but in ways that run counter to public health objectives. This project will use a web-based experiment to compare the effects of messages about obesity and diabetes that (a) describe the health problem without prevalence information, (b) state that the prevalence is high in the absence of statistics, or (c) present prevalence statistics in multiple forms (raw frequencies versus percentages) on public perceptions, behavioral intentions, and policy support. In doing so, we will also examine the effects of prevalence statistics that combine overweight and obesity population groups, and prevalence statistics that combine diabetes and pre-diabetes population groups. Findings from this study will advance our understanding of the impact of prevalence information and statistics in health communication and inform both health advocates and media professionals of the function of prevalence information in designing messages regarding major public health issues. 

 

Landowners, Roadside Ditch Right-of-Ways, and Pollution

Networks of roadside ditches criss-cross every landscape and are critical contributors to floods and water pollution. Cornell's 2014 survey of NYS highway staff indicated that ditches along New York's 157,000 km of roads are in poor to fair condition, and therefore contribute to downstream water pollution. However, staff also reported that a key barrier preventing improved ditch management was ownership by private landowners of the ditch Right-of-Ways (ROWs). ROWs represent a ubiquitous type of public-private interface, with strong potential for water quality management. Surprisingly, no published research has evaluated landowner attitudes about their ROW.  This project will use mail-out surveys to 2000 NYS landowners to determine the knowledge, perspectives, and activities associated with their roadside ROW and ditches. The findings will provide new insights into managing public-private common spaces, and provide the basis for a new education campaign to engage landowners in better ditch management and water resource protection.

 

Psychological Insecurities, Disclosure, and Friend-Avoidance

People disclose much of themselves to friends, as they trust friends more than others (e.g., strangers) to understand and support them. However, when disclosing their personal insecurities, do people rely as much on friends as they normally do? This research demonstrates that, although people tend to rely more on friends than strangers to self-disclose at an absolute level, they vary this tendency based on the topic of disclosure. Results from studies show that people decrease their tendency to rely more on friends than strangers to self-disclose when disclosing personal insecurities (vs. other personal or non-personal stories). The authors theorize and demonstrate that this effect occurs because people fear being made to ruminate over their insecurities as a result of disclosure which they perceive as having a higher risk of occurrence with friends than strangers. 

 

Millionaire Migration after the Trump Tax Bill 

Progressive taxation is highly polarized in the US, as some states have millionaire taxes while others have no state income tax at all. President Trump's tax reform amplified these differences by capping the SALT deduction: reducing top tax rates in red states much more than in blue states. Many expect this new tax differential will set off a wave of millionaire tax flight, and a race to the bottom in state taxes. Using confidential data from IRS tax returns, I examine elite mobility and embeddedness in the wake of the Trump tax reform: are the rich moving from high-tax to low-tax states? Will this harm the ability of individual states to address inequality? 

 

US Sick Pay Mandates: Coverage and Welfare Effects

The proposed research project will empirically evaluate the effectiveness of sick pay mandates as a policy instrument to reduce labor market inequalities in the United States. It will use administrative data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS) from 2009 to 2018 to first document the existing large inequalities in access to paid sick leave by socio-demographics and industries. Next, using difference-in-differences and event-study methods, it will assess the effectiveness of sick pay mandates in reducing labor market inequalities. Preliminary findings suggest that the mandates have been effective in reducing inequalities in access to paid sick leave, particularly in small businesses, non-unionized and part-time jobs. Moreover, preliminary findings do not provide evidence for unintended consequences, such as reductions in non-mandated benefits like vacation days. Also, increases in labor costs have been modest.